What is C++?
C++ (.cpp) files contain C++ source code designed for performance-critical applications. C++ extends C with object-oriented programming, generic programming through templates, and modern features like lambdas and smart pointers.
Used in game engines (Unreal, Unity core), operating systems (Windows, Linux modules), browsers (Chrome, Firefox), and high-frequency trading systems where performance is paramount.
History
C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs as "C with Classes." It has evolved through multiple ISO standards, with modern C++ (C++11 onwards) introducing significant improvements in safety and expressiveness.
Key Milestones
- 1985: C++ first released as "C with Classes"
- 1998: C++98 first ISO standard
- 2011: C++11 major modernization (auto, lambdas, smart pointers)
- 2017: C++17 with parallel algorithms
- 2020: C++20 adds concepts, ranges, coroutines
- 2023: C++23 latest standard
Key Features
Core Capabilities
- High Performance: Low-level control with zero-cost abstractions
- Object-Oriented: Classes and inheritance
- Generic Programming: Templates for reusable code
- Manual Memory Management: With smart pointers for safety
- STL: Standard Template Library
- Multi-Paradigm: Supports multiple programming styles
Common Use Cases
Game Development
Unreal Engine, Unity core, AAA games
Operating Systems
Windows, Linux kernel modules
Embedded Systems
IoT, robotics, automotive
Financial Systems
High-frequency trading platforms
Advantages
- Excellent performance
- Fine-grained memory control
- Large standard library
- Wide platform support
- Mature ecosystem
- Zero-cost abstractions
Disadvantages
- Complex syntax and semantics
- Steep learning curve
- Manual memory management risks
- Longer compilation times
- Undefined behavior pitfalls
- No built-in package manager (until recently)
Technical Information
Format Specifications
| Specification | Details |
|---|---|
| File Extension | .cpp, .cc, .cxx |
| MIME Type | text/x-c++ |
| Header Files | .h, .hpp, .hxx |
| Standard | ISO C++ (C++23) |
| Compilation | Native machine code |
| Paradigm | Multi-paradigm |
Common Tools
- Compilers: GCC, Clang, MSVC
- Build Systems: CMake, Make, Ninja
- IDEs: Visual Studio, CLion, VS Code